Grammar and Mechanics

Grammar and Mechanics

Hibu Writer's Style Guide

Grammar and Mechanics

Adhering to certain rules of grammar and mechanics helps keep our writing clear and consistent. This section will lay out our "Hibu style," which applies to all of our content unless otherwise noted in this guide.

Basics

  • Write for all readers. Some people will read every word you write. Others will just skim. Help everyone read better by grouping related ideas together and using descriptive headers and subheads.
  • Focus your message. Create a hierarchy of information. Lead with the main point or the most important content, in sentences, paragraphs, sections, and pages.
  • Be concise. Use short words and sentences. Avoid unnecessary modifiers.
  • Be specific. Avoid vague language.
  • Be consistent. Stick to the copy patterns and style points outlined in this guide.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase; abbreviations of phrases are often composed of the first letter of each word of the phrase (i.e., acronym). To maximize clarity, use abbreviations sparingly.


Also consider readers’ familiarity with the abbreviation before using it. Although abbreviations can be useful for long, technical terms in scholarly writing, communication is often garbled rather than clarified if an abbreviation is unfamiliar to readers. In general, use an abbreviation if (a) it is conventional and readers are likely to be more familiar with the abbreviation than with the complete form and (b) considerable space can be saved and cumbersome repetition avoided.


  • If there’s a chance the reader won’t recognize an abbreviation or acronym, spell it out the first time you mention it. Then use the short version for all other references. If the abbreviation isn’t clearly related to the full version, specify in parentheses.
  • First use:  Better Business Bureau (BBB)
  • Second use:  BBB
  • If the abbreviation or acronym is well known, like API or HTML, use it instead (and don’t worry about spelling it out).
  • For cities that are often abbreviated, there is no need to use a period after the abbreviation
  • Saint Louis = St Louis
  • Fort Worth = Ft Worth
  • Periods are not used with abbreviations in APA Style (e.g., write “FBI” and “PhD” not “F.B.I.” and “Ph.D.”).

Business Name (NOB)

To ensure brand consistency, it is important to include the name of the business (NOB) on every page of the website as callout text or in the copy. However, this does not apply to pages that do not contain callout or copy text, such as blog pages.

  • When mentioning the business name, it is recommended to write the full name, including any extensions (LLC, INC, etc.) once on the page. Subsequently, the extension can be dropped for a more casual tone.
  • In the Title Tag and Meta Description, it is necessary to list the full name of the business, including extensions such as LLC, INC, Corp, ESQ, and the like.
  • Learn more about title and meta tag descriptions.
  • Avoid including a period after the extension when writing the name in the copy to prevent any confusion for the reader.
  • On the contact page or with the address, it is advisable to use the full name of the business with the appropriate tag. For example, Shells Beachwear Company, Inc. should be used instead of just Shells Beachwear Company.

    Shells Beachwear Company, Inc.
    123 Atlantic Ave
    Duffy Beach, CA 12345


Bullet Points

  • Alphabetize lists when applicable.
  • If using multiple columns, ensure bulleted lists are balanced.

Balanced Lists

  • Apple
  • Apricot
  • Avocado
  • Banana
  • Blueberry
  • Cherry
  • Coconut
  • Grape
  • Grapefruit
  • Lemon
  • Lime
  • Mandarin
  • Mango
  • Melon
  • Nectarine
  • Orange
  • Papaya
  • Peach
  • Pear
  • Pineapple
  • Plum
  • Pomegranate
  • Raspberry
  • Red Banana
  • Strawberry
  • Watermelon

Unbalanced Lists

  • Apple
  • Apricot
  • Avocado
  • Banana
  • Blueberry
  • Cherry
  • Coconut
  • Grape
  • Grapefruit
  • Lemon
  • Lime
  • Mandarin
  • Mango
  • Melon
  • Nectarine
  • Orange
  • Papaya
  • Peach
  • Pear
  • Pineapple
  • Plum
  • Pomegranate
  • Raspberry
  • Red Banana
  • Strawberry
  • Watermelon

Capitalization

Title Case:  Major words are capitalized, and most minor words are lowercase.


Sentence Case: most major and minor words are lowercase (proper nouns are an exception in that they are always capitalized).


Major Words: Nouns, verbs (including linking verbs), adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and all words of four letters or more are considered major words.


Minor Words: Short (i.e., three letters or fewer) conjunctions, short prepositions, and all articles are considered minor words.


  • In title case, capitalize the following words in a headline or title:
  • The first word of the title or heading, even if it is a minor word such as “The” or “A”
  • The first word of a subtitle
  • The first word after a colon, em dash, or end punctuation in a heading
  • Major words, including the second part of hyphenated major words (e.g., “Self-Report,” not “Self-report”)
  • Words of four letters or more (e.g., “With,” “Between,” “From”)


  • Do not capitalize minor words that are three letters or fewer in a headline or title:
  • Short conjunctions (e.g., “and,” “as,” “but,” “for,” “if,” “nor,” “or,” “so,” “yet”)
  • Articles (“a,” “an,” “the”)
  • Short prepositions (e.g., “as,” “at,” “by,” “for,” “in,” “of,” “off,” “on,” “per,” “to,” “up,” “via”)
  • Exceptions:
  • the first word in a title or subtitle;
  • the first word after a colon, em dash, or end punctuation in a headline


  • Follow the template or section for H1, H3 and, call to action casing.
  • Don't capitalize random words in the middle of sentences unless to emphasize words such as FREE.
  • Write Title Tags in title case. 
  • Write meta descriptions in sentence case.  Avoid usage of all-caps unless  it is an acronym such as AAA or ASE-Certified
  • When writing out an email address or website URL, use all lowercase.
  • paul.westerbrook@hibu.com
  • hibu.com

Compound Words

When two words are used together to yield a new meaning, a compound is formed. Compound words can be written in three ways: as open compounds (spelled as two words, e.g., ice cream), closed compounds (joined to form a single word, e.g., doorknob), or hyphenated compounds (two words joined by a hyphen, e.g., long-term). Sometimes, more than two words can form a compound (e.g., mother-in-law).

The most common spelling quandary writers face is whether to write compounds as separate words, one word, or hyphenated words.


Hyphenated Compounds

There are a great many grammar rules regarding hyphens in compound words. One important rule of thumb to remember is that in most cases, a compound adjective is hyphenated if placed before the noun it modifies, but not if placed after the noun.


Example:  a long-term solution

Example:  an up-to-date user guide


But…


Example:  This is not a good solution for the long term.

Example:  This user guide is not up to date.


This is just one of many rules concerning hyphens in compound words and it is often necessary to consult the dictionary to determine whether these terms should be hyphenated or not. 

Contractions

They’re great! They give your writing an informal, friendly tone.

Headlines

Headlines that are two or three lines deep can create a tricky problem -- line breaks, or the place where one line ends and another begins. Avoid bad breaks caused by dangling verbs, adjectives or propositions. Review all heads and subheads and to make manual line "breaks for sense."  Breaking for sense means breaking a line where one might logically pause when reading it aloud. This includes keeping adjectives with their nouns, breaking after punctuation, keeping proper names or hyphenated words on one line, etc. 

Examples:

No

Looking for a New Car? We

Can Help.

Yes

Looking for a New Car?
We Can Help.

No

Making Life Better One
Home At a Time


Yes

Making Life Better
One Home At a Time


Numbers

  • Spell out a number when it begins a sentence. Otherwise, use the numeral.
  • If number is an expression that typically uses spelled-out numbers, leave them that way (see Word List).
  • Numbers over 3 digits get commas:
  • 999
  • 1,000
  • 150,000
  • Write out big numbers in full. Abbreviate them if there are space restraints, 1k, 150k.


Numbers in Copy
  • Business names should be formatted as supplied. Do not replace numbers in business names with the word spelled out or vice versa
  • Deals 4 Wheels
  • New 2 You
  • 1st State Oil & Lube
  • Do NOT use digits to replace words that sound like numbers or number words (aka Prince shorthand)
  • Great deals 4 you
  • Stop in and visit 2day


Dates
  • Generally, spell out the day of the week and the month. Abbreviate only if space is an issue.
  • Saturday, January 24
  • Sat., Jan. 24


Decimals and Fractions
  • Use decimal points when a number can’t be easily written out as a fraction, like 1.375 or 47.2.


Percentages
  • Use the % symbol instead of spelling out "percent."


Ranges and Spans
  • Use a hyphen (-) to indicate a range or span of numbers.
  • Our process takes, on average,  20-30 days.
  • See compound words


Money
  • When writing about US currency, use the dollar sign before the amount. Include a decimal and number of cents if more than 0.
  • $20
  • $19.99


Telephone numbers

Use parentheses ( ) around area code, followed by a space, then phone number with no spaces.

  • (609) 779-0776


Temperature
  • Use the degree symbol and the capital F abbreviation for Fahrenheit.
  • 98°F
  • To add degree symbol copy and paste °
    OR
  • Simultaneously press your "Alt" key and numbers "0176."

Time
  • Use numerals and AM or PM, with a space in between.
  • 7 AM
  • 7:30 PM
  • Use a hyphen between times to indicate a time period.
  • 7 AM–10:30 PM
  • Abbreviate time zones within the continental United States as follows:
  • Eastern time: ET
  • Central time: CT
  • Mountain time: MT
  • Pacific time: PT
  • Abbreviate decades when referring to those within the past 100 years.
  • the 00s
  • the 90s
  • When referring to decades more than 100 years ago, be more specific:
  • the 1900s
  • the 1890s


Zip Codes
  • ZIP codes should be 5 digits ex: 19320, 20112, 02147

People, Places, and Things

File Extensions
  • When referring generally to a file extension type, use all uppercase without a period. Add a lowercase s to make plural.
  • GIF
  • PDF
  • HTML
  • JPGs
  • When referring to a specific file, the filename should be lowercase:
  • jimi-and-stevies-guitar-shop-gallery-01.jpg
  • ferrantes-italian-bistro-dinner-menu.pdf


Pronouns
  • If your subject’s gender is unknown or irrelevant, use “they,” “them,” and “their” as a singular pronoun. Use “he/him/his” and “she/her/her” pronouns as appropriate. Don’t use “one” as a pronoun.

Quotes
  • When quoting someone in a blog post or other publication, use the present tense.
  • “Using Hibu has helped our business grow,” says Beau Roberts.

Names and Titles
  • The first time you mention a person in writing, refer to them by their first and last names. On all other mentions, refer to them by their first name.
  • Capitalize the names of departments and teams (but not the word "team" or "department").
  • Marketing team
  • Support department
  • Capitalize individual job titles when referencing to a specific role. Don't capitalize when referring to the role in general terms.
  • We're looking for a new Marketing Manager.
  • All our technicians are certified.
  • Unless specially requested, don't refer to someone as a “ninja,” “rockstar,” or “wizard” (and the like) unless they literally are one.

Schools
  • The first time you mention a school, college, or university in a piece of writing, refer to it by its full official name. On all other mentions, use its more common abbreviation.
  • Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Tech
  • Georgia State University, GSU

States, cities, and countries
  • Spell out all city and state names. Don’t abbreviate city names.
  • Per AP Style, all cities should be accompanied by their state, with the exception of:
  • Atlanta
  • Baltimore
  • Boston
  • Chicago
  • Cincinnati
  • Cleveland
  • Dallas
  • Denver
  • Detroit
  • Honolulu
  • Houston
  • Indianapolis
  • Las Vegas
  • Los Angeles
  • Miami
  • Milwaukee
  • Minneapolis
  • New Orleans
  • New York
  • Oklahoma City
  • Philadelphia
  • Phoenix
  • Pittsburgh
  • St. Louis
  • Salt Lake City
  • San Antonio
  • San Diego
  • San Francisco
  • Seattle
  • Washington
  • On first mention, write out United States. On subsequent mentions, US is fine. The same rule applies to any other country or federation with a common abbreviation (European Union, EU; United Kingdom, UK).
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